Australian Journal of
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Xanthesma (Xenohesma) brachycera (Cockerell 1914)
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Euryglossa brachycera Cockerell, 1914: 7

Euryglossa perpulchra Cockerell, 1916: 434.

Xanthesma brachycera (Cockerell, 1914) — Michener 1965: 97.

Euryglossa (Xenohesma) perpulchra Cockerell, 1916 — Michener 1965: 96. syn. nov.

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Figure 1. Female (left) and male (right) Xanthesma (Xenohesma) brachycera. Images are anterior (a and b), lateral (c and d), and dorsal (e and f). Scale bars are 0.5 mm.

Diagnosis

Females: Of the females described in our key, X. (Xenohesma) brachycera females can be distinguished from all others based on their entirely yellow head.

Males: In Exley’s key on the subgenus Xenohesma (1968), X. (Xenohesma) perpulchra was distinguished from X. (Xenohesma) melanoclypearis on the basis of the scape black dorsally, first 6 flagellar segments mainly yellow, as opposed to antennae scape entirely yellow.

Description

Females

Size: Body length 4.72 mm; intertegular span 0.97–1.07 mm; head width 1.16 mm.

Relative head measurements: HW 50; HL 40.4; UID 28.4; LID 30.8; WOC 8.5; OOD 6.5; IAD 14.1; SL 13; FL 254.3.

Structure: Face slightly wider than long; antennae low on face, located approximately two-thirds from the vertex (Fig. 1a); scape reaching just below the bottom of the facial fovea, approximately one-third from the vertex; pedicel longer and wider than any flagellomere; mandibles simple; eye inner margins convergent both below and above; supraclypeus raised and defined by suture; clypeus only weakly transversely convex; black facial fovea extending one third down eye, and converging mesad at the vertex to nearly meet the lateral ocelli; basitibial plates well-defined, dark (Fig. 1c).

Colouration: Eyes in live specimens blue; head yellow with black border separating the clypeus from supraclypeus and paraocular area; scape yellow, flagellum honey-brown; mandibles pale yellow and darkening at the tip (Fig. 1a); scutum bright yellow with honey-gold markings along the scutum-scutellum border and extending laterally up to the level of the pronotal lobes, parapsidal lines black (Fig. 1e); scutellum and axillae bright yellow, metanotum yellow bordered by black, propodeum black with yellow ellipse dorsally (Fig. 1e); sides of the thorax, legs, and tegula bright yellow (Fig. 1c); sternites cream, tergites yellow with thick bands dark brown on anterior of tergite, with lighter dark brown bands on the posterior of the tergite (Fig. 1e).

Sculpture: Body and head largely impunctate, with small, sparse punctures on anterior scutum and at base of hairs around vertex and on legs (Fig. 1a, c, e); horizontal part of propodeum longer than vertical part, propodeal triangle unsculpured and without a carina, but demarcated by being black rather than yellow (Fig. 1e).

Pubescence: Sparse, simple, relatively long hairs along bottom of the clypeus, genal region, forecoxa (Fig.1a), hind metatarsi, and the lateral and ventral region of the last tergite (Fig. 1c, e); shorter, sparse hairs along other parts of the legs, head, sides of the thorax, and anterior scutum (Fig. 1a, c, e).

Males

Size: Body length 4.00 mm; intertegular span 1.20 mm; head width 1.40 mm.

Relative head measurements: HW 50; HL 30.0; UID 17.0; LID 25.5; WOC 11.5; OOD 3.0; IAD 11.0; SL 11.0; FL 19.1.

Structure: Face wider than long, and concaved (Fig. 1b); antennae low on face, located approximately two-thirds from the vertex; eyes large and bulbous, converging above and below, slightly more above, the orbits arches outwards; scape reaches just below the bottom of the facial fovea, approximately one-third from the vertex; mandibles simple; clypeus only weakly transversely convex.

Colouration: Eyes in life black; head black-brown; scape dark brown at base, changing to yellow near pedicel; basal flagellomeres yellow; distal flagellomeres brown; mandibles pale yellow and darkening at the tip (Fig. 1b); scutum black, with yellow pronotal collar, pronotum and pronotal lobes; yellow markings from pronotum extending just outside of the notauli to adjacent with start of tegulae, concave in the middle (Fig. 1f); tegulae, mesepisternum, axillae and scutellum yellow (Fig. 1d); wing veins yellow; legs yellow; abdomen yellow (Fig. 1d), in some specimens darkening on posterior tergites and sternites.

Sculpture: Body and head largely impunctate, with small, sparse punctures on anterior scutum; larger punctures on legs; propodeal triangle unsculpured and without a carina.

Pubescence: Sparse, simple, short hairs dorsally on thorax and ventrally on abdomen, on clypeus, and medially on frons (Fig. 1b,d,f); propodeum bare; relatively longer, denser hairs along bottom of the clypeus, genal region, forecoxa, hind metatarsi, and along sides of propodeum and pronotum (Fig. 1b, d, f). Shorter, sparse hairs along other parts of the legs, head, sides of the thorax, and anterior scutum (Fig. 1b, d, f).

1: WA: Wireless Hill, Ardross (-32.0311, 115.826), 19 Jan 2017, Lge Yellow Bee Bowl); 1: WA: Star Swamp, North Beach (-31.8574 , 115.7602 ) 5 Feb 2017, Lge Yellow BeeBowl; 16♂ WA: Wireless Hill, 32.031054˚S, 115.826448˚E, 12 Feb 2017, Sweepnet, PM, KS Prendergast; 1: Lightning Swamp, Bayswater (-31.8696923, 115.9068847) 16 Feb 2022, Sweepnetted on C. calophylla, KS Prendergast Bayswater2_093; 4: WA: Wireless Hill, Ardross (-32.0311, 115.826), 19 Feb 2017, Sweepnet; 2: WA: Wireless Hill, Ardross (-32.0311, 115.826) 8 Dec 2017, Sweepnet; 2& 18♂: WA: Wireless Hill, Ardross (-32.0311, 115.826), 12 Feb 2018, Sweepnet; 22♂ WA: Shenton Park, 31.948˚S, 115.795˚E, 12 Jan 2018, Sweepnet, PM, KS Prendergast (KSP_108533, KSP_108534,KSP_108536); 1: Bold Park (-31.9562, 115.7712) 18 Feb 2018, Sweepnet; 2♂ WA: Maxwell Park/Russo Reserve -31.8735963,115.9052369, 6 Jan 2022, Sweepnet, K.S. Prendergast (Bayswater2_079, Bayswater2_080); 2& 5♂: WA: Roe 8 Rehab Corridor, Bibra Lake (-32.0834,115.8253) 27 Jan 2023, Roe8_016, Roe8_017 and ♂ Roe8_037, Roe8_038, Roe8_039, Roe8_053, Roe8_054.

All fresh specimens were collected by K. Prendergast as part of the “Bees in the burbs PhD surveys”, City of Bayswater Native Bee Surveys, and Roe 8 Rehabilitation Native Bee Surveys. All specimens are deposited in the WA Museum Entomology Collection (WAM: 108537, 108538, 108539, 108540).

Figure 1. Female (left) and male (right) Xanthesma (Xenohesma) brachycera. Images are anterior (a and b), lateral (c and d), and dorsal (e and f). Scale bars are 0.5 mm.

Remarks. Using measurements of males and females collected in the same region, we also found that females were slightly smaller than males — female intertegular span 1.04 ± 0.02 mm (n=4) vs. male intertegular span 1.21 ± 0.03 mm (n=4). Although Exley (1969) described the basitibial plate as not clearly delineated in all Xanthesma s. l., in this species it was well-defined. The pygidial plate however was weak.

Host flowers. As with all records of Xanthesma s. l. to date (Exley 1969), this species appears to be oligolectic on Myrtaceae. In the present surveys, females were collected from Corymbia calophylla, Melaleuca lanceolata, and Eucalyptus marginata (Myrtaceae).

Mating swarm observations and collections. Across two years of surveying, three male mating swarms were observed at two sites, and females were collected from three sites. An additional mating swarm was also observed after these surveys. No observations of X. (Xenohesma) brachycera occurred in residential garden sites.

An initial observation of a mating swarm was made at Wireless Hill Park on the 19th of February, 2017. A small (ca. 30 cm x 50 cm) swarm was observed ca. 80 cm above the ground across a pedestrian walkway and the adjacent bare sandy soil between 1100 h and 1200 h. Another, much larger (ca. 2 m x 3 m), swarm was observed ca. 50 cm above the ground nearby at 1330 h. This swarm was also observed flying above a walkway and the adjacent bare sand. On February 12th, 2018, another mating swarm was observed at Wireless Hill at ca. 1300 h. This swarm was observed flying ca. 1 m above the ground, and over prostrate vegetation away from the walking tracks. Another large mating swarm of males (ca. 3 m x 2 m in area) was also observed at another location, Shenton Park, on Jan 12th, 2018, in native vegetation near the University of Western Australia’s field research station. A smaller swarm (ca. 1 m x 1 m in area, and less dense than previous male swarms) was observed flying in an open clearing above grass and sand at Russo Reserve, Noranda, on Jan 6th, 2022. Specimens were taken from each swarm to confirm identity, all of which were male (Fig. 1).

No females were observed in or collected from the swarms; however, given the small size of the bees, and their rapid flight, females might have been present. Although no females were collected from these swarms, female specimens were collected foraging on Myrtaceae species (Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus marginata; Fig. 1) at Wireless Hill during the surveys when the male swarms were observed. A female specimen was also sweep-netted from Corymbia calophylla at Lightning Swamp, a bushland reserve 1.2 km from Russo Reserve where males were observed in the mating swarm a month prior. Female specimens were also collected in the absence of males, in a yellow bee bowl both at Wireless Hill in January 2017, as well as at two other bushland remnants, including in a yellow bee bowl at Star Swamp in February 2017, and sweep-netted from Melaleuca lanceolata (Myrtaceae) at Bold Park in February 2018.